ALKENE REACTIONS
ALKANE REACTIONS
ALKENE lg....
Tuesday, February 12, 2013
Wednesday, September 30, 2009
ChemPPT
Chemistry Size Submitted by Rating Date Acids and Alkalis 549KB Debbie Durack **** 27/04/08 Addition Reactions 920KB Jimmy **** 29/12/05 Addition Reactions 920KB Jimmy **** 29/12/05 Aldehydes and ketones 68KB Leon *** 8/2/04 Aluminium and Titanium 190KB Debbie Durack *** 27/04/08 Analysis if cima painting 379KB Leon *** 8/2/04 Atoms and the Periodic tables 322KB George Bruce **** 2/11/08 Atomic Structure 2.03MB Bella **** 12/9/04 Atomic Structure2 343KB Stephen Morris **** 31/10/06 Atomic Theory 11.4MB Jacob Israel ***** 25/8/09 Atoms Simple 42KB Breslin *** 10/5/04 Atoms1 1.5MB Bruce B **** 15/6/05 Atoms2 153KB Bruce B *** 15/6/05 Atoms Intro 548KB Jimmy T *** 15/6/05 Atoms, molecules and ions 1.3MB Jimmy T ***** 15/6/05 AzoCompounds 85KB Leon *** 9/2/04 Balancing Chemical equations 92KB Kirk Davis *** 8/6/08 Basic Chemistry 828KB Mark Silberstein **** 8/10/06 Blast Furnace 109KB Chen et al *** 17/4/04 Blast Furnace2 107KB Shaun, Sam and Eli *** 11/8/05 Bonds and Energy 1.6MB Keith Hicks **** 1/4/06 Boyle's Law 101KB Teresa Middleton *** 12/11/08 Buoyancy 635KB Carolyn Kinne *** 25/8/09 Carboxylic acids 142KB Leon *** 9/2/04 Catalysis of H2O2 with Rochelle Salt by Cobalt Chloride 81KB Eoghan ** 18/12/07 Charles' Law 798KB Rlethree Sectionseven **** 5/4/09 Chem aid- simple way to remember ions 190KB Gerald Jimmy *** 22/11/08 Chemical Bonds 2.7MB B Vanka **** 17/3/05 Chemistry 6.5MB Jacob Israel ***** 25/8/09 Chemistry intro 1.99MB Eric **** 12/2/06 Chromatography 227KB Leon *** 9/2/04 Covalent Bonds 101KB J Allen *** 10/5/04 94KB Ivan Munkedal *** 20/8/06 Earths Atmosphere 17KB J Allen ** 10/5/04 Earth and Rocks 408KB J Allen *** 10/5/04 Earth History 147KB B & C **** 11/8/05 Earth Materials 4.9MB Roberts et al ***** 10/5/04 Electrophilic addition of Bromine 119KB Leon *** 23/2/04 Empirical Formula 126KB Greg Purdum *** 15/5/06 Energy Levels Positions 543KB Indu Shah ** 10/5/04 Energy and conservation 360KB Teresa Middleton **** 12/11/08 Fuel Cell 43KB Scott *** 18/12/07 Green Chemistry 392KB Chaitu *** 25/12/06 Group1 233KB J Simoni et al. *** 15/5/06 Group 1&2 307KB Travis M *** 29/12/05 Group7_Halogens 110KB AJ Foakes *** 19/4/05 Group 7, The Halogens 315KB Travis M *** 29/12/05 Group 13, the Boron family 253KB Travis M *** 29/12/05 Group 14, the Carbon Group 251KB Travis M *** 29/12/05 Group 14 1.1MB Grissom 27 *** 27/04/08 Group 15, the nitrogen group 306KB Travis M *** 29/12/05 Group 16, the oxygen group 455KB Travis M *** 29/12/05 Group18 The Noble Gases 1.4MB Travis M *** 12/2/06 Groups and electron dot diagrams 568KB Travis M *** 12/2/06 How Halogens react 882KB Keith Hicks *** 1/4/06 Intro to water and ADH 253KB Lisa Doig *** 11/1/09
Ionic Bonds 180KB J Allen *** 10/5/04 Jeopardy game- chemistry 202KB Donna Muller *** 18/12/07 Family-organic 145KB Leon *** 23/2/04 Geometric Isomerism 96KB Leon *** 23/2/04 Halogens 241KB Tom & Chris *** 17/4/04 How Elements Bond 267KB Travis *** 01/03/06 Lab Experiment 157KB GCHS ** 17/10/04 Lab tests, results and sulphuric acid 191KB Travis M *** 12/2/06 Limestone 200KB Teresa Middleton *** 12/11/08 Limestone,oil, fractionational distillation 200KB Travis *** 01/03/06 Making Electricity 191KB George Bruce **** 2/11/08 Making and naming compounds 131KB Lisa Doig *** 11/1/09 Mass, atomic and empirical formulas 116KB Travis *** 01/03/06 Metals in Industry 540KB Travis *** 01/03/06 Metals and Acids exps 278KB Gavin **** 12/2/06 Mineral Identification 5.2MB David Condor **** 20/8/06 NMR presentation 630KB Leon *** 23/2/04 Naming compounds and ions 107KB Travis M *** 12/2/06 Oils and Fats 113KB Leon *** 4/3/04 Organic Chemistry 2.9MB CR Klepper *** 14/10/05 PeriodicTable1 87KB Jenny ** 17/3/05 PeriodicTable2 473KB Inst *** 17/3/05 PeriodicTable+Links 730KB Bill Byles ****(for the links) 17/3/05 PeriodicTable_Test 312KB Unnamed *** 17/3/05 PeriodicTable_Game 139KB Risa *** 17/3/05 Plastic Recycling-starter 107KB Paul Jackson ** 18/12/07 Polymers 349KB Leon *** 4/3/04 Radioactivity 156KB Keith Hicks **** 1/4/06 Rates of reactions and Enzymes 930KB Travis *** 01/03/06 Reactivity Series 53KB Travis M *** 12/2/06 Rocks 355KB Ant & Kailyn *** 17/4/04 Rocks and weathering 436KB Stuart S *** 18/1/04 Reactions and Equations 183KB G *** 17/10/04 Redox Reactions 251KB Leon *** 4/3/04 snowflakes 1.17MB Carolyn Kinne *** 25/8/09 Solids liquids gases 804KB Lisa Doig *** 11/1/08 Solutions and solubility 1.6MB M Ali *** 25/8/09 Stoichiometry 351KB Hamid Waasi **** 12/5/09 The d block 630KB Leon *** 4/3/04 TLC and GLC 703KB Leon *** 4/3/04 Transition elements 556KB Travis *** 01/03/06 Types of Rock 38KB Karen MacNiven *** 20/8/06 Volumetric 358KB Hamid Waasi **** 12/5/09
Monday, June 15, 2009
virtualtextbook
First Semester
- 1 What is Chemistry all about, anyway?
- Chemistry in a nutshell: The major concepts and ideas of chemical science, and a look at some of the major currents of modern Chemistry. We hope this will motivate you get through the less-fun stuff in the first-year course!
- 2 Getting started in Chemistry: essential background
- Classification and properties of matter • density and buoyancy • energy, heat and temperature • units and dimensions • measurement error and uncertainty • significant figures and rounding off
- 3 The basics of atoms, moles, formulas, equations
- These five units take you through basic atomic theory and chemical arithmetic, and how chemicals are named. You will need these skills in amost everything that comes later.
- 4 What is pseudoscience?
- How to tell the difference from science. Pseudoscience, junk science and quackery are pervasive in our culture, and all-too-many science courses simply ignore it.
First-semester general chemistry
- 5 Getting serious about atoms
- 5a Primer on quantum theory of the atom
- A quantum catechism: elementary introduction to quantum theory in the form of a question-and-answer "primer", emphasizing the concepts with a minimum of mathematics.
- 5b Atomic structure and the periodic table
- Everything you need to know in a first-year college course about the principal concepts of quantum theory as applied to the atom, and how this determines the organization of the periodic table.
- 5c Why doesn't the electron fall into the nucleus?
- Opposite charges attract, so why not? It's surprising how few textbooks explain this properly!
- 6 Properties of gases: matter at its simplest
- A six-part treatment of the gaseous state of matter. Includes numerous examples of application of kinetic molecular theory and a section on real gases.
- 7 Solids and liquids
- 7a States of matter New 2009 version!
- condensed states, liquids, types of solids, intermolecular forces, types of molecular units; hydrogen bonding and water; introduction to crystals, ionic solids, cubic and close-packed lattices. Liquids and interfacial effects. Polymers and plastics. Now includes an expanded version of most of 7b below.
- 7b Liquids and their vapors
- special physical properties of liquids, vaporization and boiling, changes of state, phase diagrams.
- 7c Solutions
- types of solutions, expressing concentrations, colligative properties, solutions of volatile substances, osmosis, ions in aqueous solution.
- 8 Chemical bonding and molecular structure
- 8a Three views of chemical bonding
- These short tutorials summarize the various ways of looking at bond formation without going into too much detail.
- 8b All about chemical bonding
- Ten-part tutorial set on covalent bonding and polar covalence, shapes of molecules (VSEPR theory), hybrid orbitals, molecular orbitals applied to simple diatomics, introduction to transition metal d-orbital splitting and band theory of metals and semiconductors.
- 9 All about acids and bases
- Covers the fundamental concepts of acids and bases. Except for some stoichiometry and a discussion on pH, this section is largely qualitative. Acid-base equilibrium calculations are not covered in this unit.
- 20 All about chemical equilibrium
- This thorough treatment sets out the underlying concepts without invoking thermodynamics or complicated calculations; considerable emphasis is placed on the distinction between Q and K. The section on equilibrium calculations contains problem examples illustrating techniques such as iterative and graphical solutions of polynomials, all of which employ the "systematic" method of organizing information.
- 21 Acid-base equilibria
- 21a Acid-base equilibria and calculations
- covers the quantitative treatment of acid-base equilibria at somewhat greater breadth and depth than is available in standard textbooks. The principles of electroneutrality and mass balance are used to develop exact solutions for common equilibrium problems, and the common approximations and their limitations are explored. At the other extreme, there is an extensive treatment of the use of log-concentration vs. pH graphs for obtaining approximate solutions of equilibrium problems without arithmetic. There is a detailed discussion of the proton-free energy concept (without the thermodynamics!) that is helpful in understanding more complex acid-base systems. Other sections cover practical methods of solving quadratic and higher-order equations, graphical solution of equilibrium problems, titration curves, the carbonate system, physiological applications, and acid rain.
- 21b Acid-base without algebra
- The commonly-taught algebraic method of solving acid-base problems hides the underlying principles and is able to deal with only the simplest systems. Here is a far easier approach that avoids the math, provides a bird's-eye view of what's going on in the solution, and yields equally good results.
- 21c The fall of the proton: why acids react with bases
- Acid-base chemistry can be extremely confusing, particularly when dealing with weak acids and bases. This tutorial presents an updated view of the Brønsted-Lowry theory that makes it easy to understand answers to these questions: What's the fundamental difference between a strong acid and a weak acid? Can you neutralize a weak acid with a weak base? Why are some salts acidic and others alkaline? What is the strongest acid that can exist in water?
- 22 Chemical Energetics
- Introduction to thermodynamics • the First Law • enthalpy • molecules as energy carriers and converters • thermochemistry and calorimetry • some applications of enthalpy and the First Law
- 23 Thermodynamics of chemical equilibrium
- All about entropy, free energy, and why chemical reactions do or don't take place. Energy spreading and spontaneous change • What is entropy? • The Second Law • Gibbs free energy • free energy and equilibrium • some applications of entropy and free energy
- 24 All about electrochemistry
- Chemistry and electricity • galvanic cells and electrodes • potential differences at interfaces • cell potentials and thermodynamics • Nernst equation and its applications • batteries and fuel cells • electrochemical corrosion • electrolytic cells and electrolysis
Advanced / miscellany
- 30 The measure of matter
- The first three sections of this unit cover units and dimensions, measurement error and significant figures and are duplicated in an early first-semester unit. The last two sections, reliability of a measurement and drawing conclusions from data introduce simple statistics that are needed in analytical chemistry courses.
- 31 The fall of the electron (oxidation-reduction)
- How to predict the directions of oxidation-reduction reactions while avoiding formal electrochemistry. Similar to Fall of the Proton unit 21c. Coverage of biological redox reactions makes this a useful supplement for biochemistry courses.
- 32 Survey of Environmental Geobiochemistry
- Provides an overview of "environmental chemistry" in its broadest context: the chemical evolution and constitution of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. This formed the background reading for the first two weeks of a third-year Environmental Chemistry course. Much of it is suitable for lower-level courses.
- 33 Understanding entropy
- In contrast to the common but misleading "entropy is disorganization" line, this tutorial describes entropy as a measure of the spreading and sharing of thermal energy. This concept provides rational, non-mathematical explanations of the effects of temperature change on reaction equilibria and on the colligative properties of solutions.
- 40 Advanced aquatic chemistry
- These PDF documents were part of an upper-level course in aquatic environmental chemistry.
- 40a Acid-base chemistry of natural aquatic systems
- 40b Carbonate equilibria in natural waters
- 40c Redox equilibria in natural waters
- 40d Solids in contact with natural waters
Links Science Trek
Science Trek
- Speed of Light Alg
- Balmer's Formula Alg
- Frequency/Energy Alg
- Units Adv
- Polarization Adv
- Blocking Light Adv
- Twisting Light Adv
- Binding Energy Adv
Tuesday, May 5, 2009
Teori Big Bang :- Sains vs Al-Quran
Teori Big Bang :- Sains vs Al-Quran
Akhirnya pada tanggal 10 September, saintis2 ini telah melakukan eksperimen mereka yang pertama, iaitu eksperimen untuk mengesahkan teori “big bang” yang menakrifkan kejadian bumi adalah berpunca daripada perlanggaran partikel2/zarah2 hardon jutaan tahun yg lampau.
Ramai yang mempertikaikan kajian ini dengan bermacam-macam alasan termasuk akan memusnahkan bumi, memberi kesan buruk pada manusia… .sehinggalah ke kelompok yang melabelkan kajian ini sebagai sesat bertujuan untuk mencabar kejadian Allah yang menciptakan keseluruhan alam semesta ini.
Namun bagi aku, kita sepatutnya melihat kajian ini dari sudut yang amat positif. Sebagai seorang Islam, aku memang yakin yang Allah jua yang menciptakan semesta ini, tapi kita tidak boleh menolak mentah2 akan cara kejadiannya. Mungkin betul bumi terhasil akibat letusan kuat di cakerawala (big bang)… .itu rahsia Allah. Semua ini tidak mustahil bagiNya.
Ini bertepatan dengan Surah Al-Hadiid (besi) ayat 25:
“Demi sesungguhnya! Kami telah mengutus Rasul-rasul Kami dengan membawa bukti-bukti dan mukjizat yang jelas nyata, dan Kami telah menurunkan bersama-sama mereka Kitab Suci dan keterangan yang menjadi neraca keadilan, supaya manusia dapat menjalankan keadilan dan kami telah menciptakan besi dengan keadaannya mengandungi kekuatan yang handal serta berbagai faedah lagi bagi manusia. (Dijadikan besi dengan keadaan yang demikian, supaya manusia menggunakan faedah-faedah itu dalam kehidupan mereka sehari-hari) dan supaya ternyata pengetahuan Allah tentang orang yang (menggunakan kekuatan handalnya itu untuk) menegak dan mempertahankan ugama Allah serta menolong Rasul-rasulNya, padahal balasan baiknya tidak kelihatan (kepadanya); sesungguhnya Allah Maha Kuat, lagi Maha Kuasa.”
Para Saintis Islam dan barat bersetuju bahawa besi dan logam amnya bukanlah unsur asal dari bumi, tetapi logam datangnya dari letusan dari sumber selain bumi, kemudian logam ini menghentam bumi dan menghasilkan taburan jisim, jenis dan?kualiti berlainan, mengikut kesesuaian geografi dan suhu penyejukan tempat tersebut.
Saintis juga meramalkan bahawa pembentukan bumi juga berlaku sedemikian, iaitu terdapat satu letupan yang kuat yang dikenali sebagai BIG BANG. Letupan yang dasyat itu menyebabkan berlakunya hentaman unsur-unsur seperti silica (pasir, batu dll), logam (besi, kuprum, emas dll) dan segala unsur-unsur kimia (rujuk jadual berkala unsur kimia) yang kedapatan di bumi pada hari ini beserta dengan gas.
Tidak salah untuk mempercayai bahawa bumi ini diwujudkan oleh Allah hasil dari letupan dasyat atau dikenali BIG BANG, kerana Allah berkuasa melakukan segala-galanya. Jadi, maka jadilah. Jika diperhalusi, teras bumi kita masih lagi panas dan cair, menyerupai lahar gunung berapi atau lebih tepat seperti cairan logam dan gas yang terbakar dipermukaan matahari.
Dalam Surah Al-Anbiya ayat 30… Allah berfirman:
“Apakah orang kafir tidak melihat bahawa sesungguhnya langit dan bumi pada asalnya bercantum satu kemudian Kami pisahkan (letupkan) antara kedua-duanya.”
Menurut teori “big bang”, alam ini pada asalnya bercantum padu, kemudian berlakulah satu letupan yang kuat ( cosmix explotion ) 10 hingga 20 bilion tahun yang lampau, yang dinamakan “big bang”.
Sejak itu berlakulah pengembangan dan penyejukan ( expending and cooling ) sehingga akhirnya lahirlah bintang-bintang, galaksi dan seumpamanya.
Teori ini pada asalnya diasaskan dari formula General Theory of Relativity yang diutarakan oleh Albert Einstein pada tahun 1915. Kemudian, pada tahun 1922, seorang pakar fizik Rusia, Alexandar Friedmann mengembang dan mengukuhkan lagi teori ini. Pada tahun 1929, Edwin Hubble menemui bukti-bukti kukuh yang menyokong teori “big bang”. Dengan menggunakan alat yang canggih, beliau mendapati alam ini sedang mengembang.
Dalam Surah Az-Dzariyat, ayat 40… Allah berfirman:
“Dan langit itu Kami bina dengan kekuasaan (Kami) dan sesungguhnya Kami benar-benar meluaskannya.”
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