Apa itu Large Hadron Collider (LHC)?

Apa itu Large Hadron Collider (LHC)?

LHC merupakan satu alat untuk menguji sejauh mana betulnya teori Standard Model of Particle Physics. Secara spesifiknya untuk menguji kewujudan Higgs boson kerana sebelum ini tiada lagi eksperimen pernah dijalankan untuk membuktikannya. Apakah Standard Model of Particle Physics dan Higgs boson? Rajin-rajinlah minta tolong dengan Pak Cik Google atau pun dengan Dr. Wikipedia. Jadi para saintis dari bermacam-macam negara bekerjasama dalam membina alat ini di Geneva, Switzerland.

“Large Hadron Collider adalah cincin “Akselerator Partikel” dan “Atom-Smasher” raksasa yg dibuat oleh Badan Riset Nuklir Eropa (CERN) dengan panjang keliling 27 km yg terletak pd kedalaman 175 meter dibawah tanah. Dibangun diantara perbatasan Perancis dan Swiss, cincin itu sendiri terdiri dari 9300 kumparan magnet superkonduktif dengan berat berton-ton yg dirangkai seperti sosis dan kemudian didinginkan dengan sekitar 96 ton helium cair.

Sampai saat ini Proyek LHC melibatkan sekitar 7000 org Ahli Fisika Partikel (hampir separo dari semua ahli fisika partikel di seluruh dunia) dari 80 negara dan telah menghabiskan biaya sekitar USD 5,8 miliar (sekitar Rp 53,3 triliun). Dan direncanakan pada bulan Agustus ini mesin tersebut mulai dinyalakan.


Apakah kesannya terhadap dunia?


Sesetengah pihak mendakwa, jika projek ini dilaksanakan pada 21 oktober 2008 nanti, alat tersebut akan menghasilkan satu mikro Black Hole yang kemudiannya akan membawa kepada hari kiamat kerana kerana Black Hole ini akan menelan bumi. Teori Standard Model menyatakan bahawa Black Hole tidak akan wujud kecuali dalam beberapa keadaan yang tertentu. Mereka juga mendakwa jika Black Hole wujud hasil daripada eksperimen ini, secara tidak langsung akan memberi kesan buruk kepada bumi dan hidupan. Namun perkara ini disanggah oleh saintis yang lain.(Panjang pula nak sebut “Large Hadron Collider adalah cincin “Akselerator Partikel” dan “Atom-Smasher” raksasa yg dibuat oleh Badan Riset Nuklir Eropa (CERN) dengan panjang keliling 27 km yg terletak pd kedalaman 175 meter dibawah tanah. Dibangun diantara perbatasan Perancis dan Swiss, cincin itu sendiri terdiri dari 9300 kumparan magnet superkonduktif dengan berat berton-ton yg dirangkai seperti sosis dan kemudian didinginkan dengan sekitar 96 ton helium cair.


Apa pun, kita meletakkan segala kemungkinan pada Allah. Walaupun mereka menyatakan kemungkinan untuk wujudnya Black Hole hanyalah 1 daripada 50 million, namun atas kehendak Allah, apa pun mampu terjadi. Cuma diharapkan, hasil dari ujian ini, kebenaran tentang teori-teori kewujudan alam ini terus disingkap luas dan membawa kepada tuduk dan patuh terhadap kebenaran Al-Quran dan Islam.

Terdapat juga desas-desus bahawa golongan yang berfahaman athies ingin menggunakan eksperimen ini untuk membuktikan kewujudan alam ini bukan disebabkan oleh tuhan yang menciptakannya. Walaubagaimanapun usaha mereka, insyaallah, apa yang mereka hajatkan tidak akan tercapai.

Wallahua'lam





View of the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) experiment Tracker Outer Barrel (TOB) in the cleaning room. The CMS is one of two general-purpose LHC experiments designed to explore the physics of the Terascale, the energy region where physicists believe they will find answers to the central questions at the heart of 21st-century particle physics. (Maximilien Brice, © CERN)




The Globe of Innovation in the morning. The wooden globe is a structure originally built for Switzerland's national exhibition, Expo'02, and is 40 meters wide, 27 meters tall. (Maximilien Brice; Claudia Marcelloni, © CERN)




Assembly and installation of the ATLAS Hadronic endcap Liquid Argon Calorimeter. The ATLAS detector contains a series of ever-larger concentric cylinders around the central interaction point where the LHC's proton beams collide. (Roy Langstaff, © CERN)



Checks are performed on the alignment of the magnets in the LHC tunnel. It is vital that each magnet is placed exactly where it has been designed so that the path of the beam is precisely controlled. (Maximilien Brice, © CERN)



The ALICE Inner Tracking System during its transport in the experimental cavern and its insertion into the Time Projection Chamber (TPC). ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment @ CERN) will study the physics of ultrahigh-energy proton-proton and lead-lead collisions and will explore conditions in the first instants of the universe, a few microseconds after the Big Bang. (Maximilien Brice, © CERN)



Insertion of the tracker in the heart of the CMS detector. (Maximilien Brice, © CERN)



View of the LHC cryo-magnet inside the tunnel. (Maximilien Brice, © CERN)



insertion of the tracker in the heart of the CMS detector. (Maximilien Brice, © CERN)



The Z+ end of the CMS Tracker with Tracker Outer Barrel completed. (Maximilien Brice, © CERN)



Lowering of one of the two ATLAS muon small wheels into the cavern. (Claudia Marcelloni, © CERN)



View of the ATLAS detector during July 2007 (Claudia Marcelloni, © CERN)



A welder works on the interconnection between two of the LHC's superconducting magnet systems, in the LHC tunnel. (Maximilien Brice, © CERN)



View of the CMS detector at the end of 2007. (Maximilien Brice, © CERN



Transporting the ATLAS Magnet Toroid End-Cap A between building 180 to ATLAS point 1. (Claudia Marcelloni, © CERN)



View of the ATLAS cavern side A beginning of February 2008, before lowering of the Muon Small Wheels (Maximilien Brice; Claudia Marcelloni, © CERN)



The L3 magnet in the ALICE cavern, with one door almost closed. (Mona Schweizer, © CERN)



Lowering of the last element (YE-1) of the CMS detector into its underground experimental cavern. (Mona Schweizer, © CERN)



Installation of the ATLAS pixel detector into the cavern (Claudia Marcelloni, © CERN)



Installation of the Beam Pipe in the ATLAS cavern (Maximilien Brice, © CERN)



View of the Computer Center during the installation of servers. (Maximilien Brice; Claudia Marcelloni, © CERN)



Installation of the world's largest silicon tracking detector in the CMS experiment. (Michael Hoch, © CERN)



Aerial view of CERN and the surrounding region of Switzerland and France. Three rings are visible, the smaller (at lower right) shows the underground position of the Proton Synchrotron, the middle ring is the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) with a circumference of 7 km and the largest ring (27 km) is that of the former Large Electron and Positron collider (LEP) accelerator with part of Lake Geneva in the background. (© CERN)

YT: The Large Hadron Collider

YT: LHC

You Tube : Introduction to Chemistry

You Tube : States of Matter Rap

You Tube : The Atom Song

You Tube : The Elements Animation

You Tube : Tom Lehrer's "The Elements" animated

You Tube : Atom Song

Protons Electrons and Neutrons

Protons, neutrons and electrons are very tiny particles. They are many times smaller than the smallest speck we can see with our naked eyes. The weight of a proton is somewhat close to the weight of a hydrogen atom, which is the smallest of all atoms. The weight of a neutron is almost the same as a proton. If you divide the weight of a hydrogen atom by 1837, you will get the weight of an electron. Thus electron is the lightest of the subatomic particles.

Of these three particles, protons and electrons have electrical charge on them. Each proton has one unit positive charge on it. Each electron holds one unit of negative charge. Neutrons are not charged particles. The number of protons and electrons in an atom is equal, so they cancel out each other and thus the atom does not have electrical charge on it.

When we speak of things like weight in our everyday life, we use units like grams and kilograms to measure them. We talk of electricity in terms of amperes and watts. However the world of protons, neutrons and electrons is so small we cannot use these units to show their weight or electric charge. Scientists use special units to talk about them.

Protons and neutrons always stay together at the centre of an atom. This part is called the nucleus. The electrons go on circling around the nucleus at very high speeds through special tracks called orbits. This might remind you of our solar system where the planets go on orbiting the sun. Well, the picture is pretty similar except that one is very huge and the other is very tiny.

We found that each atom is made of protons, electrons and neutrons. The atoms of each element have a different number of protons and electrons. No two different elements can have the same number of protons and electrons in their atoms. Hydrogen has one proton and electron in its atom and helium has two protons and electrons in its atom. Oxygen has eight protons and electrons in its atom. Thus it is the number of protons and electrons in the atom that makes each element unique. Scientists explain each element’s behavior using the number of protons, electrons and neutrons it has.

We found earlier that all matter is made up of atoms. Now that we know of protons, neutrons and electrons, we can modify our statement. All matter, everything we see around us, is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons!

You Tube : Numa Numa Chemistry Song

Chapter 1 : MATTER

Everything around us- air, water, sand, stone, wood, plants, animals, humans- scientists call them all matter.

When we analyze the structure of matter, we see that all matter is made essentially of about a hundred pure substances called elements in different combinations. Some elements do not combine with others and stay in pure form. But in most cases, two or more elements combine to form different substances. These combined substances are called compounds.

For example, the water we drink is a compound of two elements- hydrogen and oxygen. Our common table salt is nothing but a compound of the elements sodium and chlorine. But beware, sugar is a little more complicated - it has carbon in addition to hydrogen and oxygen! Many substances around us, especially the things that make up plant and animal matter, are far more complicated.

But the fact remains- complicated or simple, all matter is made up of elements. Each element is unique- it has its own special qualities. When you break up these elements into smaller and smaller pieces, you will finally get a tiny speck called an atom. Atom is the limit- you cannot break up the atom of an element and expect to see that element’s special qualities continued.

For a long time scientists believed that it is not possible to break up an atom. However some great scientists like J.J. Thomson, Goldstein and Chadwick later discovered that atoms are made up of three particles called Protons, Neutrons and Electrons. These particles are today called sub-atomic particles.

Welcome to KjjCR...

Assalammualaikum..

Is Chemistry a subject that you are struggling with? Are you investing too much time in Chemistry but not getting your 'A'? Is 'A' walking towards you or distant from you? Are you wondering why others can love chemistry so much but not you? Is it because there is no 'chemistry' between you and the subject - Chemistry? You always pray for an 'A' in Chemistry but it never appear in front of you? Are you wondering how you can eliminate all your Pains in learning Chemistry and Achieve 'A' in Chemistry with the minimum effort but Maximum Result?

How precisely you need to do to get 'A' in Chemistry. Is it a Possible or Impossible? If it is impossible, how exactly you need to do to make it happen - possible. How? How? How? I am going to tell you that You have the Choice! Every student needs a Teacher to guide. You are now a student in 'Chemistry' maze and you are figuring out how to get out of the Maze and wondering where is Exit? You are using 'Trial and Error' in the 'Chemistry' Maze but in vain. You are tired just before you can find your way out. You are sitting in the Maze hoping there is someone holding your hands and bring you out of 'Chemistry' Maze as fast as possible.



One question I get a lot from students is "Why do we have to take chemistry? What's it good for in the real world?" Actually, that's two questions, but I'll answer them anyway.

Chemistry is used in everything we do in modern society. The aspirin (or acetominophen, or ibuprofen, or naproxen sodium, or ketoprofen, etc.) you take when you have a headache was manufactured by chemists working for pharmaceutical companies. The gasoline you use to operate your car was formulated by petroleum chemists to give it the best possible operating properties. If you have contact lenses, the plastics used to make the lens, as well as the solutions you use to clean them were developed by chemists. No matter where you go, there's chemistry!

But the question remains: If you're not going to be a chemist, why do you need to know how this stuff works? Shouldn't you just be happy that it works at all?

Honestly, you don't really need to know the exact details of all the chemistry in your lives. Chances are that it would take you years to learn all the chemistry, and even then it wouldn't be all that handy to know. However, that's not my (or any other teacher's) goal in teaching you chemistry. I'm not trying to teach you everything - I'm just trying to give you enough of a background that you can understand some of the basics of what's going on around you. There are too many people trying to make money off the ignorance of people who haven't bothered to learn chemistry, and I don't want you to become one of them.

An example: There are pills you can buy which advertise that they contain "life-giving oxygen." This sounds wonderful! Let's go buy some. However, you need to realize at the same time that water also contains "life-giving oxygen." If you're trying to get healthy, I'll only charge you half as much for a glass of water as these other guys are charging you for the pills. If you don't know any better, you might get roped in by that scam.

I want you to learn chemistry because it helps you to realize what's good and what's garbage out in society.